In Vitro metabolic response of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 to deltamethrin and cypermethrin toxicity

Abstract

Deltamethrin (DM) and cypermethrin (CM) are widely used pesticides belonging to the pyrethroid class. Antagonistic microorganisms are preferred as biocontrol agents to mitigate pesticide toxicity. Probiotic bacteria and yeasts are the primary biocontrol agents employed for this purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the single-strain probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 against DM- and CM-induced toxicity under in vitro conditions. Both pesticides were added to the yeast cell culture at three different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µg/L) and incubated for 72 h. The results showed that both pesticides induced oxidative stress, leading to increased MDA (malondialdehyde) levels. In pesticide-exposed yeast cells, GSH (glutathione) levels and the activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and GST (glutathione s-transferase) increased (P < 0.05), along with a significant rise in ergosterol content (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the ratio of saturated fatty acids (?Saturated) increased, while the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (?Unsaturated) decreased (P < 0.05). Additionally, pesticide residues were quantified in the culture supernatant, revealing high detoxification rates (up to 80% detoxification). In conclusion, these findings suggest potential probiotic-based bioremediation strategies for pyrethroid-contaminated environments. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.