From Plant to Power: Plant-Based Microbial Fuel Cells in Sustainable Interior Landscape Design

Abstract

Plant-based microbial fuel cells (P-MFCs) represent a novel bioelectrochemical technology that combines photosynthetic activity and microbial metabolism to generate renewable energy. This study, funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK 1005 – National New Ideas and New Products Research Funding Program), investigates the integration of P-MFCs into sustainable interior landscape systems and architectural spaces. The aim is to explore how indoor plants can function simultaneously as aesthetic design elements and micro-energy generators, redefining the role of vegetation in architectural design. Preliminary experiments were conducted using Aloe vera, selected for its semi-shade tolerance, low water demand, and widespread use in indoor environments. Results demonstrated that Aloe vera–based P-MFCs significantly outperformed control microbial fuel cells (soil + graphite electrodes), yielding a 64% higher open-circuit voltage (92 mV versus 65 mV), a 3.7-fold increase in current density, and a 4.4-fold improvement in power density (1100 mW/m2 versus 250 mW/m2). Impedance was reduced nearly fivefold, confirming enhanced electron transfer efficiency. A series connection of 45 P-MFC units successfully charged a lead-acid battery, which powered an LED, demonstrating practical feasibility. In addition to the previously reported system, ongoing experiments explore commonly used indoor plant species to assess their adaptability to interior PMFC applications and spatial integration strategies. This approach supports the development of multi-species interior systems while maintaining design flexibility and environmental compatibility. While power levels remain modest, the results highlight the potential of P-MFCs for low-power applications within interior settings. The findings emphasize the architectural potential of P-MFCs as living, energy-generating landscape components. Their integration into interior spaces offers dual functionality—enhancing environmental aesthetics while contributing to renewable energy production. As a design strategy, P-MFCs introduce a new paradigm in sustainable architecture, where interior landscapes become active contributors to energy-responsive environments. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026.