Comparison of pre-trained language models in terms of carbon emissions, time and accuracy in multi-label text classification using AutoML

Abstract

Since Turkish is an agglutinative language and contains reduplication, idiom, and metaphor words, Turkish texts are sources of information with extremely rich meanings. For this reason, the processing and classification of Turkish texts according to their characteristics is both timeconsuming and difficult. In this study, the performances of pre-trained language models for multi-text classification using Autotrain were compared in a 250 K Turkish dataset that we created. The results showed that the BERTurk (uncased, 128 k) language model on the dataset showed higher accuracy performance with a training time of 66 min compared to the other models and the CO2 emission was quite low. The ConvBERTurk mC4 (uncased) model is also the best-performing second language model. As a result of this study, we have provided a deeper understanding of the capabilities of pre-trained language models for Turkish on machine learning.