Geochemical Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Urban Stream Sediments Draining into the Keban Dam Lake, Turkey

Abstract

The present study investigates the extent and spatial distribution of metal concentration in stream sediments that flow into Keban Dam Lake, Turkey. Sediment samples were analysed for trace and potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Tl, Th, and U. Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were employed to assess contamination levels. Results reveal that Cr exhibited very high enrichment (EF = 15.95) in downstream urban samples, while Cu and Zn showed high enrichment in samples collected from the middle to lower reaches of the stream, probably indicating anthropogenic contributions. Most other elements, such as Pb, Tl, Th, and U, were within natural background levels. Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) indicate that Cr, Ni, and Cu may pose potential ecological risks, especially in samples from urban-influenced and downstream areas where concentrations exceed the Probable Effect Levels (PEL; Cr: 160 mg/kg, Ni: 42.8 mg/kg, Cu: 108 mg/kg). Multivariate statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and hierarchical clustering, reveal three distinct geochemical groupings. Among these, the most contaminated cluster-corresponding to midstream and downstream regions-is characterized by elevated Cu and Zn concentrations. Strong correlations among Cu-Zn, Ni-Cu, and Th-U suggest there is a combination of anthropogenic and lithogenic sources for most metals. While most sites showed low to moderate pollution, urban downstream locations exhibited significant metal accumulation, necessitating the region's continued environmental monitoring and management strategies.