Minimum and Maximum Pattern-Based Self-Organized Feature Engineering: Fibromyalgia Detection Using Electrocardiogram Signals

Abstract

Background: The primary objective of this research is to propose a new, simple, and effective feature extraction function and to investigate its classification ability using electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Methods: In this research, we present a new and simple feature extraction function named the minimum and maximum pattern (MinMaxPat). In the proposed MinMaxPat, the signal is divided into overlapping blocks with a length of 16, and the indexes of the minimum and maximum values are identified. Then, using the computed indices, a feature map is calculated in base 16, and the histogram of the generated map is extracted to obtain the feature vector. The length of the generated feature vector is 256. To evaluate the classification ability of this feature extraction function, we present a new feature engineering model with three main phases: (i) feature extraction using MinMaxPat, (ii) cumulative weight-based iterative neighborhood component analysis (CWINCA)-based feature selection, and (iii) classification using a t-algorithm-based k-nearest neighbors (tkNN) classifier. Results: To obtain results, we applied the proposed MinMaxPat-based feature engineering model to a publicly available ECG fibromyalgia dataset. Using this dataset, three cases were analyzed, and the proposed MinMaxPat-based model achieved over 80% classification accuracy with both leave-one-record-out (LORO) cross-validation (CV) and 10-fold CV. Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrate that this simple model achieved high classification performance. Therefore, this model is surprisingly effective for ECG signal classification.